Circular Flow Of Economics Essays - Consumer Theory, Demand

Circular Flow of Economics The circular flow model is defined as the flow of resources from households to firms and of products to firms from households. These flows are accompanied by reverse flows of money from firms to households and from households to firms. The circular flow is comprised of the resource market, households, product market, businesses, and the government. Macroeconomics - The study of the aggregate (total) Behavior of the whole economy. Macroeconomics Aggregates: - Unemployment rate: Percent of people in the labor force is not working but searching for work. - Inflation rate: Percent rise in the average price of all goods and services. - GDP: Dollar value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year; output A Market is an institution or mechanism which brings together buyers (demanders) and sellers (suppliers) of particular goods and services. The Forces of supply and demand - In the United States and in other free enterprise systems, the distribution of resources and products is determined by supply and demand. Demand is the number of goods and services that consumers are willing to buy at different prices at a specific time. A fundamental characterisic of demandis all else being constant, as prices fall, the quantity demanded rises. Vice versa all ther things remaining the same as price increases, the corresponding quanity demanded falls. Supply - The number of products-goods and services that businesses are willing to sell at different prices at a specific time. As price increases, the corresponding quantity supplied increases; as prices fall, the quantity supplied also falls. Equilibrium Price - The supply and demand curves intersect at the point where supply and demand are equal. The price at which the number of products that businesses are willing to supply equals the amount of products that consumers are willing to buy at a specific point in time. The United States and the economy - The United States has the most powerful, diverse, and technological advanced economy in the world. Oriented economy, private individuals, and business firms make most of th decisions. Government purchases of goods and services are made predominantly in the marketplace. US business firms have greater flexibility than their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, lay off surplus workers, and develop new products. In all economic sectors, US firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances, especially in computers, medical equipment, and aerospace, although their advantage has steadily narrowed since the end of World War 2. The excelled technology explains the gradual development of a " two - tie labor market" in which those at the bottom lack the education and professional / technical skills of those at the top and, fail to get pay raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits. The circular flow - The continuous movement of production, income, and resources between producers and consumers. This flow moves through product markets, as the gross domestic product of our economy and is the revenue received by businesses in payment for this production. The flow of revenue flows to resource markets as payments by businesses for the resources employed in production. The payment received by resource owners is income. Resource owners use this income to purchase goods and services through the product markets. This flow can be altered in a number of different ways, especially by government. Taxes are sliced by income, wages, profit, etc., but are then used for expenditures by government on other things bought through the product markets. Consumers also divert a portion of their income into saving, which is then used to finance the federal deficit or business investment. For every buyer there is a seller, The seller receives what the buyer buys, The buyer gives money fo r goods and the seller gives goods for money. National income is the total value of all factor payments during a period of time. Thenational income is a measure of the total economic flow through the factor marker. Gross national product should equal the national income. GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced during a given period and time within the nations borders. Gross domestic product is the most common measure of the level of economic activity

P513 Portfolio analysis Essays - Mathematical Finance, Investment

P513 Portfolio analysis Essays - Mathematical Finance, Investment P513 Portfolio analysis You have been given the return data shown in the first table on three assetsF, G, and Hover the period 20072010. Using these assets, you have isolated the three investment alternatives shown in the following table: a. Calculate the expected return over the 4-year period for each of the three alternatives. b. Calculate the standard deviation of returns over the 4-year period for each of the three alternatives. c. Use your findings in parts a and b to calculate the coefficient of variation for each of the three alternatives. d. On the basis of your findings, which of the three investment alternatives do you recommend? Why? a.Expected portfolio return: Alternative 1: 100% Asset F Alternative 2: 50% Asset F + 50% Asset G Asset FAsset GPortfolio Return Year(wF x kF)+(wG x kG)kp 2001(16% x .50 = 8.0%)+(17% x .50 = 8.5%)=16.5% 2002(17% x .50 = 8.5%)+(16% x .50 = 8.0%)=16.5% 2003(18% x .50 = 9.0%)+(15% x .50 = 7.5%)=16.5% 2004(19% x .50 = 9.5%)+(14% x .50 = 7.0%)=16.5% Alternative 3: 50% Asset F + 50% Asset H Asset FAsset HPortfolio Return Year(wF x kF)+(wH x kH)kp 2001(16% x .50 = 8.0%)+(14% x .50 = 7.0%)15.0% 2002(17% x .50 = 8.5%)+(15% x .50 = 7.5%)16.0% 2003(18% x .50 = 9.0%)+(16% x .50 = 8.0%)17.0% 2004(19% x .50 = 9.5%)+(17% x .50 = 8.5%)18.0% b.Standard Deviation: (1) (2) (3) c.Coefficient of variation: CV= d.Summary: kp: Expected Value of PortfoliokpCVp Alternative 1 (F)17.5%1.291.0738 Alternative 2 (FG)16.5%-0-.0 Alternative 3 (FH)16.5%1.291.0782 Since the assets have different expected returns, the coefficient of variation should be used to determine the best portfolio. Alternative 3, with positively correlated assets, has the highest coefficient of variation and therefore is the riskiest. Alternative 2 is the best choice; it is perfectly negatively correlated and therefore has the lowest coefficient of variation.

What are the alternatives for a malaria vaccine after the RTS,S Essay

What are the alternatives for a malaria vaccine after the RTS,S disappointments - Essay Example f the fact that a vaccine based on blood-stage antigens could put restrictions or arrest the spread of disease, and the causes of death in recipients even if it is does not prevent infections. The crossing point between host and parasite entail composite molecular interactions that are associated with the identification and attack of the host cells or acquiring nutrients from the cytoplasm or the plasma milieu. It entails working by use of alpha –helical coiled coil domains of some proteins that are expected to be available in the parasite during the erythrocytic stage those peptides are expected to be similar in their structural nature to the native epitopes. It is widely known as the transmission-blocking vaccine which is designed to produce an immune response in human hosts, as a result of which the growth of the parasite into mosquito vector and the ultimate transmission is bound to be fruitless. The generation of malaria vaccine has not been an easy task due to the nature of the parasite. In essence, it has a complicated life cycle that has rapid amplification once it has entered the human body posing a great predicament. The continuous resistance of both the parasite and the anti malaria drugs has made the development of an effective malaria vaccine a global priority with an ideal malaria vaccine expected to stimulate natural acquired immunity in communities where malaria is endemic. Malaria, is a mosquito-borne, protozoal illness, identified as a parasite disease with the vector been a mosquito in early 19th century. Its infection manifest in human beings as a result of infection by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale or Plasmodium malariae with Plasmodium falciparum that is responsible for mass clinical cases and mortalities. In essence, the female anopheles mosquito transmits the plasmodium parasite. According to Coleman and Tsongalis 2009, it leaves the parasite in the human blood in the process of feeding on the